• We need your support!

    We are currently struggling to cover the operational costs of Xtremepapers, as a result we might have to shut this website down. Please donate if we have helped you and help make a difference in other students' lives!
    Click here to Donate Now (View Announcement)

Islamiyat Model answers and notes!

Messages
1,358
Reaction score
1,289
Points
173
thnkyou sir , I really didn't read all this before
Dear Sofia told you knowledge is everything..... Allah is Eternal He is Immortal, but we are nothing but dust although one thing in us is also Immortal given to us by Our Creator, and that thing is also Immortal which is KNOWLEDGE.....
 
Messages
1,358
Reaction score
1,289
Points
173
sir is it necessary to write all these points , I mean the question is of 4 marks so we can chose 4 points out of this and any reference for this question
sir is it necessary to write all these points , I mean the question is of 4 marks so we can chose 4 points out of this and any reference for this question
At least write like this.....
Answer: Karbala is the cruelest tragedy humanity has ever seen. Yet, the startling (though appalling) events in Karbala proved like a powerful volcano that shook the very foundation of Muslims, it stirred their consciousness, ignorant or learned alike. For sincere Muslims, Karbala turned into a triumph. The tragic event became the very beacon of light to always remind Muslims to practice Islam honestly and sincerely, to do what is right irrespective of consequences,and fear no one except Allah (swt). The tragedy of Karbala taught humanity a lesson that, standing for the truth and fighting for death is more honorable and valuable than submitting to the wrongful, especially when the survival of Islam is at stake.
1. Hussain (R.A) stopped in the middle of the battlefield to perform his obligatory prayers with arrows shooting at him…
the least we can do is perform our daily prayers on time
2. Hussain (R.A) sacrificed his family including his six month old for the sake of Allah…
the least we can do is sacrifice our worldly desires for the sake of Allah
3. Lady Zainab (R.A) prayed Salatul Layl (the night prayers) in the state of sitting down on the night of Ashura after the tragic loss of her entire family…
the least we can do is pray Salatul layl in our peaceful nights 4. Umul Baneen (R.A) lost all 4 of her sons in the tragedy of Karbalaa and when being told she only cared to know for the life of Hussain…
the least we can do is sacrifice all that we are attached to please the Imam of our time
5. Alhur who led the trap of Hussain then realised he was wrong in doing so and seeked the forgiveness of the Imam and was forgiven immediately…
the least we can do is know that it’s never too late to repent with Allah the most merciful
 
Messages
1,358
Reaction score
1,289
Points
173
sir what is the importance of Holy Prophet(S.A.W) 'S visit to taif for early muslim community?
After Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) was severely tormented and humiliated by the vagabonds of Taif, wearied, mortified. He took refuge in one of the numerous orchards and prayed to Allah for help, He said “O God! He Said, “To thee I complain of my weakness, little resources, and lowliness before men. O, Most Merciful the Lord of the weak, and thou art my Lord. To whom thou will confide me? One far who will misuse me Or to my enemy thou have given power over me. If thou are not angry with me I care not……” (Ibne Hisham and Al-Maghaazi book on Ahadis by Ibne Saad).
Imagine the plight of a person who has been persecuted all day, famished, hungry, thirsty and unprotected, sitting exposed under a palm tree. Did he seek revenge? Did he pray to Allah to destroy the city of Ta’if? He did none of these things. Instead, the Holy Prophet( raised his hands towards heaven and prayed for the people of taif. Nothing can show more vividly the generosity, love for mankind and absolute faith in Allah the Almighty that the Holy Prophet possessed than this incident. As long as Allah the Almighty is not offended, the Holy Prophet(was happy to suffer any indignity to convey the message with which he was entrusted. William Muir is forced to comment:
‘There is something lofty and heroic in this journey of Muhammad to Ta’if: a solitary man, despised and rejected by his own people, going boldly forth in the name of God, like Jonah to Nineveh and summoning an idolatrous city to repent. It sheds a strong light on the intensity of his belief in the divine origin of his mission.’ (Life of Muhammad, Sir William Muir,pp.112-113)
 
Messages
153
Reaction score
107
Points
53
can i get answer of this question Irfan..
Quranic teachings about god in himself....
 
Messages
1,095
Reaction score
899
Points
123
can i get answer of this question Irfan..
Quranic teachings about god in himself....
I made these 4 myself hope they help

ALLAH IN HIMSELF


THE QUAN FREQUENTLY MENTIONS Allah in terms of His unique person and His supreme attributes , powers ,and qualities. Surah ikhlas bust sums up Gods sublime nature .this short surah answers all the questions about Gods nature and characteristics by declaring him free from all sorts of weaknesses and limitation .it says,

SAY HE IS ALLAH ,THE ONE AND ONLY ,THE ETERNAL,THE ABSOLUTE,HE DOES NOT BEGETT NOR IS HE BEGOTTEN AND THEE IS NONE LIKE HIM

There for the human beings simply admit their inability to compare their personality with any of his creations. The best explaination on this point is contained in the VERSES OF THRONE where it is said

ALLAH, THERE IS NO GOD BUT HE,THE LIVING, THE SELF SUBSISTING,ETENAL. NO SLUMBER CAN SEIZE HIM NOR SLEEP

Thus, He is free from all limitations that characterizes all the human and is free from all bounds of time , space and family.

HE IS THE FIRST AND THE LAST ,THE EVIDENT AND THE HIDDEN AND HE HAS FULL KNOWLEDGE OF ALL THINGS

Moreover, he is the only creator of the heavens and the earth and according to a verse he created the heavens and the earth in 6 days.

TO HIM IS DUE THE PRIMAL ORIGIN OF THE HEAVENS AND THE EARTH

Allah as not only created the world but also looks after it, and he do not feel any fatigue in doing this. He has also set rules and regulations for the world and heavens and everything is bound to follow all those rules and regulations.

Usually certain symbolic expressions and parables have been used for this purpose , as surah NUR describes Allah as light

ALLAH IS THE LIGHT OF THE HEAVENS AND THE EARTH

Another often repeated theme is that of Allah s matchless power

VERILY,WHEN HE INTENDS A THING ,HIS COMMAND IS’’BE’’ AND IT IS

The surahs possessing this theme are SURAHT IKLAS , VERSES OF THRONE , SURAT ANAAM, SURAT FUSSILAT , SURAT SHURA e.t.c
 
Messages
68
Reaction score
22
Points
18
heyy could you please answer this question for me """What is the significance to Muslims today of having the Qur’an in the form of a book? "" (4)
And also "Explain why the first Islamic community of muslims thought it was necessary to compile the Quran" (4)
Explain the significance of Quran being revealed over a period of time. (4).
 
Messages
153
Reaction score
107
Points
53
I made these 4 myself hope they help

ALLAH IN HIMSELF


THE QUAN FREQUENTLY MENTIONS Allah in terms of His unique person and His supreme attributes , powers ,and qualities. Surah ikhlas bust sums up Gods sublime nature .this short surah answers all the questions about Gods nature and characteristics by declaring him free from all sorts of weaknesses and limitation .it says,

SAY HE IS ALLAH ,THE ONE AND ONLY ,THE ETERNAL,THE ABSOLUTE,HE DOES NOT BEGETT NOR IS HE BEGOTTEN AND THEE IS NONE LIKE HIM

There for the human beings simply admit their inability to compare their personality with any of his creations. The best explaination on this point is contained in the VERSES OF THRONE where it is said

ALLAH, THERE IS NO GOD BUT HE,THE LIVING, THE SELF SUBSISTING,ETENAL. NO SLUMBER CAN SEIZE HIM NOR SLEEP

Thus, He is free from all limitations that characterizes all the human and is free from all bounds of time , space and family.

HE IS THE FIRST AND THE LAST ,THE EVIDENT AND THE HIDDEN AND HE HAS FULL KNOWLEDGE OF ALL THINGS

Moreover, he is the only creator of the heavens and the earth and according to a verse he created the heavens and the earth in 6 days.

TO HIM IS DUE THE PRIMAL ORIGIN OF THE HEAVENS AND THE EARTH

Allah as not only created the world but also looks after it, and he do not feel any fatigue in doing this. He has also set rules and regulations for the world and heavens and everything is bound to follow all those rules and regulations.

Usually certain symbolic expressions and parables have been used for this purpose , as surah NUR describes Allah as light

ALLAH IS THE LIGHT OF THE HEAVENS AND THE EARTH

Another often repeated theme is that of Allah s matchless power

VERILY,WHEN HE INTENDS A THING ,HIS COMMAND IS’’BE’’ AND IT IS

The surahs possessing this theme are SURAHT IKLAS , VERSES OF THRONE , SURAT ANAAM, SURAT FUSSILAT , SURAT SHURA e.t.c
is... the length of answer... is correct..
and i want the answer of allah in himself as Q2..
 
Messages
1,095
Reaction score
899
Points
123
heyy could you please answer this question for me """What is the significance to Muslims today of having the Qur’an in the form of a book? "" (4)
And also "Explain why the first Islamic community of muslims thought it was necessary to compile the Quran" (4)
Explain the significance of Quran being revealed over a period of time. (4).
the first question u asked exist in pastpapers in year nov 2011 , 2nd qstion in may/june 2010 and the 3rd one I donot know right nw ,as soon as I will make the ans I ll post here
 
Messages
1,358
Reaction score
1,289
Points
173
is... the length of answer... is correct..
and i want the answer of allah in himself as Q2..
Dear hussy
the first question u asked exist in pastpapers in year nov 2011 , 2nd qstion in may/june 2010 and the 3rd one I donot know right nw ,as soon as I will make the ans I ll post here

Question: Explain why the first community of Muslim thought it was necessary to compile the Quran? [4]
The first community of Muslims thought that it was necessary to compile the Quran because Hazrat Abu Bakr Siddique (R.A) and Hazrat Umar (R.A) feared that if they didn’t compile the Holy Quran in one book form the Quran would be lost because of incident of Yamamah. Hazrat Abu Bakr Siddique (R.A) soon came upon to realize that in order to preserve the original text of the Holy Quran, it needed to be compile, and that memories, which were about to parish by age and time would not be solely relied upon.
During the period of Hazrat Usman (R.A), the different versions of the Holy Quran continued to exist; Muslims would be deprived of different source of guidance which would hence threaten the solidarity of the Muslim Ummah. This concern initiated the efforts which led to the compilation of the Holy Quran by the first and thirst caliph of Islam (Hazrat Abu Bakr Siddique (R.A) and Hazrat Usman (R.A)). They also felt that the Quran should be compiled for future generation who would not learn by heart or Arabic not being their first language and this was the fact that the authenticity of Hazrat Zaid bin Sabit (R.A) during the compilation allows Muslims to have access to the Holy Quran in all times and places without change.
 
Messages
1,358
Reaction score
1,289
Points
173
the first question u asked exist in pastpapers in year nov 2011 , 2nd qstion in may/june 2010 and the 3rd one I donot know right nw ,as soon as I will make the ans I ll post here


Question: Explain why the first community of Muslim thought it was necessary to compile the Quran? [4]
The first community of Muslims thought that it was necessary to compile the Quran because Hazrat Abu Bakr Siddique (R.A) and Hazrat Umar (R.A) feared that if they didn’t compile the Holy Quran in one book form the Quran would be lost because of incident of Yamamah. Hazrat Abu Bakr Siddique (R.A) soon came upon to realize that in order to preserve the original text of the Holy Quran, it needed to be compile, and that memories, which were about to parish by age and time would not be solely relied upon.
During the period of Hazrat Usman (R.A), the different versions of the Holy Quran continued to exist; Muslims would be deprived of different source of guidance which would hence threaten the solidarity of the Muslim Ummah. This concern initiated the efforts which led to the compilation of the Holy Quran by the first and thirst caliph of Islam (Hazrat Abu Bakr Siddique (R.A) and Hazrat Usman (R.A)). They also felt that the Quran should be compiled for future generation who would not learn by heart or Arabic not being their first language and this was the fact that the authenticity of Hazrat Zaid bin Sabit (R.A) during the compilation allows Muslims to have access to the Holy Quran in all times and places without change.[/quote]


SORRY SOFIA! I WROTE THE ANS, AS HUDIINY REQUESTED YOU TO ANSWER.
 
Messages
1,358
Reaction score
1,289
Points
173
is... the length of answer... is correct..
and i want the answer of allah in himself as Q2..
Dear Hussy, the legth must be from minimum 350 to 700 max so ur ans is too short, all you need to do is to elaborate ur statements according to the references you provided in your ans.
 
Messages
1,358
Reaction score
1,289
Points
173
can u plz answer this queston
why do sia muslims hold imams in high esteem? [10]
i can ans this q but this is the most controversial question in ur syllabus n AS I SAID CIE EXAMINERS TRY TO AVOID THESE TYPE OF QUESTIONS so it is imperative that this question is not in your syllabus.
 
Messages
1,358
Reaction score
1,289
Points
173
i can ans this q but this is the most controversial question in ur syllabus n AS I SAID CIE EXAMINERS TRY TO AVOID THESE TYPE OF QUESTIONS so it is imperative that this question is not in your syllabus.
Question: Write a note on Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) as a Model of human perfection/excellence?
Answer: Prophet (S.A.W) is an excellent example for mankind to follow in their daily lives to attain piety, goodness, stead fastness, compassion: in short, to become a virtuous person. He is the closest connecting link between Allah and man, and his teachings, therefore providing guidance for attaining piety and goodness in this world and eternal happiness in the Hereafter.
Once someone inquired about his character from Hazrat Bibi Ayesha (R.A), she replied: “His morals are the Quran” (Sahih Bukhari). Allah has also testified the character of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) “And you (stand) on an exalted standard of character.” (68:4). The Prophet Muhammad’s (S.A.W) manners were ideal, he said “Allah sent me to complete the excellent virtues and to perfect the good manners” (Sharahi-Sunnah). Since his characters were based upon the Holy Quran which deals with all walks of life, so the activities of Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) were multi dimensional that is they covered different aspects of human life. His character was completely flawless, a pure reflection of human perfection, since the roots of his character lay in the perfect divine guidance – The Holy Quran. The personality traits of Prophet (S.A.W) were the summation of all the goods in fact the best qualities of all the previous Prophets. Allah says in the Holy Quran “Ye have indeed in the messenger of Allah a beautiful pattern (of conduct) for anyone whose hope is in Allah and the final day and who engages much in the praise of Allah.” (33:21). Prophet (S.A.W) not only preached the divine guidance, but also practiced what he preached to demonstrate in real the implementation of Islamic principles. This practice was greatly helpful in the removing the sense of impossibility of performing certain actions. It insured that people did not considered the divine laws impractical when there practical implementation was shown by man himself. E.g. the Holy Quran commands us to perform Sala’ah. Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) demonstrated in practical how Sala’ah should be performed. The different roles which Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) took up in his life gave him a wide range of experiences of different lifestyles. He applied Islam in various aspects of these roles and then practically carried out the commandments of Allah pertaining to these roles. For instance, he played the role of the head of the Islamic state of Madinah. As a head, he devised different laws for his state in accordance to Islamic principles and successfully ran the machinery of Madinah under the new Islamic system. As a husband, he treated all his wives fairly and granted them all those liberties which Islam has given to women. As a commander of the Muslim army, he laid down the directions of fighting with respected fundamental, human rights even during warfare. In connection with his piety and devotion are some of his marked qualities of which the most striking was his trust in Allah.
“It is part of the mercy of Allah that thou dost deal gently with them.” (3:159)
 
Messages
1,358
Reaction score
1,289
Points
173
can i get answer of this question Irfan..
Quranic teachings about god in himself....
Question: Discuss the most important feature of the Quran teaching you have studied about oneness of Allah [Tauheed]? [10]
Answer: A Muslim believes in One God, Supreme and Eternal, Infinite and Mighty, Merciful and Compassionate, Creator and Provider. As, Allah says in surah Al-Baqarah: “Allah! There is no god but him, the living, the self-subsisting, eternal……” (2:255).
Faith in the existence of God is a natural disposition in man. Everything existent in the definite order or arrangement has a maker to it. If man ponders over the universe, surveying all that it contains, he certainly will come to realize that it did not come into existence as a matter of chance; Islam demands that all human beings to belief in that creator as One Allah. The most concise expression of the nature of Allah has been delivered by Surah Ikhlas which says:
“He is Allah, the one and only. Allah, the Eternal, Absolute. He begets not, nor is He begotten. And there is none like unto Him.”(112:1-4). in Surah Ikhlas Allah has described the four basic merits of lordship; one, never ending, single and incomparable. The existence of Allah is confirmed when we ponder over the universe that such an organized and well-coordinated world , would not come to existence on its own as the Quran says “Is there a doubt about Allah the creator of heavens and the earth ?” (14:10).
He is God of all mankind, not of a special tribe or race. Allah has no weaknesses like human beings and He guard the whole universe without any helper. His knowledge is perfect and no one can interfere in His domain as the Quran says “......... Nor slumber can seize Him, nor sleep. His are all things in the heavens and the earth.........” (2:255)
It’s only Allah who makes harmonious and systemic arrangements of the universe on account of His Will.
As the Quran says: “To Him is due the primal origin of the heavens and the earth………..” (2:117)
Further the Holy Quran says “There is no other guardian of the creation in the heavens and the earth, and He does not associate anyone with Himself in His authority."(18:26)
Allah's nature is so subtle and fine, far beyond from our conceptions so as to be invisible to the physical eye and imperceptible in the present senses. His presence can only be felt through manifestation of His attributes as the Quran says “No vision can grasp Him, but His grasp is over all visions .....”(6:103).
 
Messages
1,358
Reaction score
1,289
Points
173
i can ans this q but this is the most controversial question in ur syllabus n AS I SAID CIE EXAMINERS TRY TO AVOID THESE TYPE OF QUESTIONS so it is imperative that this question is not in your syllabus.

Answer: Shia Muslims hold the fundamental beliefs of other Muslims. In addition to these tenets, however, Shia believes in the imamate, which is the distinctive institution of Shia Islam. Whereas Sunni Muslims view the caliph as a temporal leader only and consider an imam to be a prayer leader, Shia Muslims hold a hereditary view of Muslim leadership. They believe the Prophet Muhammad designated Ali to be his successor as Imam (when uppercase, Imam refers to the Shia descendant of the House of Ali), exercising both spiritual and temporal leadership. Only those who have walayat (spiritual guidance) are free from error and sin and have been chosen by God through the Prophet. Each Imam in turn designated his successor - through twelve Imams - each holding the same powers.

The imamate began with Ali, who is also accepted by Sunni Muslims as the fourth of the "rightly guided caliphs" to succeed the Prophet. Shia revere Ali as the First Imam, and his descendants, beginning with his sons Hasan and Husayn, continue the line of the Imams until the twelfth. Shia point to the close lifetime association of the Prophet with Ali. When Ali was six years old, he was invited by the Prophet to live with him, and Shia believes Ali was the first person to make the declaration of faith in Islam. Ali also slept in the Prophet's bed on the night of the hijra, when it was feared that the house would be attacked by unbelievers and the Prophet stabbed to death. He fought in all the battles the Prophet did, except one, and the Prophet chose him to be the husband of one of his favorite daughters, Fatima.
Among Shia, the term imam traditionally has been used only for Ali and his eleven descendants. None of the twelve Imams, with the exception of Ali, ever ruled an Islamic government. During their lifetimes, their followers hoped that they would assume the ruler ship of the Islamic community, a rule that was believed to have been wrongfully usurped. Because Sunni caliphs were cognizant of this hope, Imams generally were persecuted under the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties. Therefore, the Imams tried to be as unobtrusive as possible and to live as far as was reasonable from the successive capitals of the Islamic empire.
During the eighth century, Caliph Al Mamun, son and successor to Harun ar Rashid, was favorably disposed toward the descendants of Ali and their followers. He invited Imam Reza, the Eighth Imam (765-816), to come from Medina to his court at Marv (Mary in present-day Turkmenistan). While Reza was residing at Marv, Al Mamun designated him as his successor in an apparent effort to avoid conflict among Muslims. Reza's sister, Fatima, journeyed from Medina to be with her brother but took ill and died at Qom, in present-day Iran. A major shrine developed around her tomb, and over the centuries Qom has become a major Shia pilgrimage site and theological center.
 
Messages
68
Reaction score
22
Points
18
Question: Explain why the first community of Muslim thought it was necessary to compile the Quran? [4]
The first community of Muthanksaslims thought that it was necessary to compile the Quran because Hazrat Abu Bakr Siddique (R.A) and Hazrat Umar (R.A) feared that if they didn’t compile the Holy Quran in one book form the Quran would be lost because of incident of Yamamah. Hazrat Abu Bakr Siddique (R.A) soon came upon to realize that in order to preserve the original text of the Holy Quran, it needed to be compile, and that memories, which were about to parish by age and time would not be solely relied upon.
During the period of Hazrat Usman (R.A), the different versions of the Holy Quran continued to exist; Muslims would be deprived of different source of guidance which would hence threaten the solidarity of the Muslim Ummah. This concern initiated the efforts which led to the compilation of the Holy Quran by the first and thirst caliph of Islam (Hazrat Abu Bakr Siddique (R.A) and Hazrat Usman (R.A)). They also felt that the Quran should be compiled for future generation who would not learn by heart or Arabic not being their first language and this was the fact that the authenticity of Hazrat Zaid bin Sabit (R.A) during the compilation allows Muslims to have access to the Holy Quran in all times and places without change.


SORRY SOFIA! I WROTE THE ANS, AS HUDIINY REQUESTED YOU TO ANSWER.[/quote]

thanks alot sir...i actually wanted u to answer :)
btw sofia yaah i know those r pastpapers questions...i wnted answers in different wording than the marking scheme...plus Sir could u please answer the other two questions as well !?
Thanks again :)
btw sir your 10 mark answers are of very high standard...ive compared my answers with yours...points are the saame but vocab is not upto your level...shouldi try improving or is it too late now !?
 
Messages
1,358
Reaction score
1,289
Points
173
SORRY SOFIA! I WROTE THE ANS, AS HUDIINY REQUESTED YOU TO ANSWER.

thanks alot sir...i actually wanted u to answer :)
btw sofia yaah i know those r pastpapers questions...i wnted answers in different wording than the marking scheme...plus Sir could u please answer the other two questions as well !?
Thanks again :)
btw sir your 10 mark answers are of very high standard...ive compared my answers with yours...points are the saame but vocab is not upto your level...shouldi try improving or is it too late now !?[/quote]
you have to use Islamic terminologies and vocabulary
 
Messages
1,358
Reaction score
1,289
Points
173
the first question u asked exist in pastpapers in year nov 2011 , 2nd qstion in may/june 2010 and the 3rd one I donot know right nw ,as soon as I will make the ans I ll post here
Q: What is the significance to Muslims today of having the Qur’an in the form of a book?
Answer:
Qur’an we have today is the same Qur’an as revealed to the Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W)) and that no corruption has taken place in the transmission of that message. Such an important document like Quran could not be left on the human memory. Islam and Muslims could not afford to lose Quran. Uthman (ra) thought that different dialects could lead to misinterpretation orchange of words or meaning. Uthman (ra) saved the unity of Muslims. Allah says: “We have revealed this (Quran) and We will save it” The importance of the Holy Qur'an to a Muslim is that because Muslims believe the Qur'an was sent down by God and that none of it has been written or edited by a man. The Qur'an tells people how to live, ie pray 5 times a day, and not to drink alcohol so that you can concentrate on God. Also the Qur'an tells people scientific information, and also what will happen in the future and after the world has ended. The Qur'an is the spoken word of God. As proof, the beauty of the Qur'an - in sound and meaning - cannot be duplicated by anyone.
 
Messages
1,358
Reaction score
1,289
Points
173
the first question u asked exist in pastpapers in year nov 2011 , 2nd qstion in may/june 2010 and the 3rd one I donot know right nw ,as soon as I will make the ans I ll post here
Question: Explain the significance of Quran being revealed over a period of time.
Answer:
The Quran was revealed in stages over a period of 23 years, and not as a complete book in one single act of revelation. There is wisdom and a number of reasons for this, Mankind have not made so much progress over fifteen hundred years as it did over the period 23 years of the prophet hood of Muhammad (S.A.W). The period of 23 years was necessary for those who lived at that time to understand, interiorize and apply the Revelation easily. The Quran instituted a great deal of change, through prohibitions and commands and through new reforms of the deepest consequence. However, it established all of them in stages over time, as the need for guidance arose, without discouraging, or grinding down morale: warning and condemnation preceded prohibition; appeal and exhortation preceded command. For instance, intoxicating drinks were prohibited in three or four stages; burying girls alive in two stages; uniting warring tribes, and building up a close-knit society based on brotherhood and thus raising the collective consciousness in a couple of stages. These difficult reforms were not gestured at or expressed in slogans they were achieved. The believers needed this period to reform and so become reformers.
 
Top